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Runoff
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Is there a “sweet spot” between openness to new parties and a plethora of parties that can be achieved through a reduced threshold for election to the presidency? Specifically, through a threshold between 40% and 50%? Unfortunately, although the evidence is not definitive, the answer appears to be: usually, no. Raising barriers to entry, a reduced threshold is disadvantageous if a cartel party or a party with an authoritarian past is strong, as in Argentina between 1983 and the present. Also, although in principle a reduced threshold raises barriers to entry, in practice—as in Ecuador between 2002 and 2006—it may not; the reasons for a larger or smaller number of parties are manifold. Further, a reduced threshold is risky. Although it voids runoffs that would have been unnecessary, it also voids runoffs that would have added presidential legitimacy.
Title: Runoff
Description:
Is there a “sweet spot” between openness to new parties and a plethora of parties that can be achieved through a reduced threshold for election to the presidency? Specifically, through a threshold between 40% and 50%? Unfortunately, although the evidence is not definitive, the answer appears to be: usually, no.
Raising barriers to entry, a reduced threshold is disadvantageous if a cartel party or a party with an authoritarian past is strong, as in Argentina between 1983 and the present.
Also, although in principle a reduced threshold raises barriers to entry, in practice—as in Ecuador between 2002 and 2006—it may not; the reasons for a larger or smaller number of parties are manifold.
Further, a reduced threshold is risky.
Although it voids runoffs that would have been unnecessary, it also voids runoffs that would have added presidential legitimacy.
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Introduction
Introduction
During the third wave, like most democratizing countries worldwide, Latin American countries replaced plurality rules for presidential election with runoff rules. To date, most sch...