Surface Electrostimulation Electrodes

Abstract Surface stimulation electrodes are predominantly used for therapeutic purposes in training of atrophied muscles and peripheral neuromodulation of pain. Electrode size, polarity of the electrodes, resistance, and distance between the electrodes are important properties of use of surface stimulation electrodes. The theoretical approach to the surface electrodes problem is presented by an equivalent circuit of the electrodes and its interface with the body. Metal surface electrodes, conductive silicon rubber electrodes, conductive adhesive gel electrodes, and transcutaneous electrode arrays are described. The problems common to surface stimulation electrodes, such as possible damage to skin, exciting of pain receptors, inadequate repeatability and poor selectivity of the response, undesired motion of the skin with respect to neuromuscular tissue, and electrode fixation problems, are discussed.