NADPH oxidase-mediated sulfenylation of cysteine derivatives is key regulatory events for plant immune responses

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are rapidly generated during plant immune responses by RBOH, which is a plasma membrane-localizing NADPH oxidase. Although regulatory mechanisms of RBOH activity have been well documented, the ROS-mediated downstream signaling is unclear. We here demonstrated that ROS sensor proteins play a central role in the ROS signaling via oxidative post-translational modification of cysteine residues, sulfenylation. To detect protein sulfenylation, we used dimedone, which specifically and irreversibly binds to sulfenylated proteins. The sulfenylated proteins were labeled by dimedone in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and the conjugates were detected by immunoblotting. In addition, a reductant dissociated H 2 O 2 -induced conjugates, suggesting that cysteine persulfide and/or polysulfides are involved in sulfenylation. Sulfenylation of cysteine and its derivatives in ROS sensor proteins were continuously increased during both PTI and ETI in an RBOH-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of ROS sensor proteins by dimedone perturbated cell death, ROS accumulation induced by INF1 and MEK2 DD , and defense against fungal pathogens. On the other hand, Rpi-blb2-mediated ETI responses were rather enhanced by dimedone. These results suggest that the sulfenylation of cysteine and its derivatives in various ROS sensor proteins are important events in downstream of RBOH-dependent ROS burst to regulate plant immune responses. Highlight NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production induces sulfenylation of cysteine residues or their derivatives of ROS sensor proteins, which regulates HR cell death, ROS accumulation, and defense against diverse plant pathogens.