White-Tailed Deer

Abstract White-tailed deer are geographically widespread and occupy a variety of ecosystems from semi-desert shrubland and grasslands to forests. They have a relatively high reproductive potential but recruitment may be limited in semiarid rangelands where annual variation in precipitation is high. They eat browse and forbs but mast may seasonally comprise most of the diet. White-tailed deer select areas with a mixture of woody vegetation and areas dominated by herbaceous vegetation. They use woody vegetation for cover and often forage in adjacent herbaceous-dominated areas. They are highly adaptable and can adjust to changes in vegetation resulting from rangeland management practices; however, excessive grazing reduces habitat quality. Brush management minimally affects white-tailed deer and their habitat when adequate resources such as thermal cover, hiding cover, and browse-and-mast-producing vegetation remain on the landscape. Empirical evidence that creating mosaics of herbaceous-dominated foraging patches and woody cover improves demographics or productivity is equivocal; however, managing for increased spatial heterogeneity in vegetation may increase fawn survival. Chronic wasting disease is a major threat to white-tailed deer populations. White-tailed deer use behavioral adaptations to reduce excessive heat loads resulting from climate change in the southern part of their range. Paradoxically, populations are expanding in the northern part of their range in part because of milder winters. Hunting is the primary tool to manage white-tailed deer populations. Combining recreational hunting with livestock production increases revenue for ranchers. Ironically, white-tailed deer are often a nuisance in eastern forests, but they can be an economically important asset on rangelands.