Application of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles for biogas production using anaerobic digestion

South Africa is encountering severe challenges in the areas of energy, water, and wastewater management in recent times. This study addresses both water and energy aspects. It aims at using synthesised magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on anaerobic digestion (AD) for biogas production from various wastewater sources in South Africa. The study experimented the feasibility of five different synthesized magnetic nanoparticles, magnetite (Fe3O4), copper ferrite (CuFe2O4), nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4), magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) and aluminium ferrite (AlFe2O4) on two different wastewater samples (industrial and municipal wastewater) from three sampling sources, Umbilo water works, Umgeni water and a sugar refinery industry. Five research objectives were accessed. The first objective was the synthesis and characterisation of MNPs using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray (SEM/EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results showed a surface morphology of facecentred and monoclinic crystal structures with a size less than 20 nm. The nanostructures of ferrimagnetite and magnetite were obtained, and it had an O-H stretching and Fe-O vibration functional groups. The surface area obtained was found to be high for magnetite (Fe3O4) which was 27.597 m2 /g. The second objective was to evaluate the AD performance in terms of water quality and biogas production. This was carried out in two stages. The first was to evaluate the five MNPs with sugar refining wastewater. The second stage was to evaluate the performance of three best performing MNPs on two wastewater samples from Umbilo wastewater. The results for the first stage showed good degradation of organic matter for the bioreactors with MNPs which resulted in a higher yield of biogas and methane as compared to the control as well as good removal of contaminant (chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour and turbidity). Among the five MNPs used, Fe3O4, NiFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 had a contaminant removal efficiency of 60- 70% and a cumulative biogas yield of more than 140 ml/day with more than 85% methane composition, hence these three MNPs were found to be the best performed MNPs. The results obtained from the second stage for the three best performed MNPs indicated a high pollutant removal efficiency of more than 70% for Fe3O4, as well as a biogas yield of more than 1100 ml/day and a methane composition of approximately 98%. The third objective was the evaluation and optimisation of the anaerobic magnetised system for biogas production while the fourth objective involved a comparative study between the performances of magnetised biochemical methane potential (BMP) to non-magnetised biochemical methane potential. From the optimisation study, the predicted results obtained from the BBD-RSM showed an average contaminant removal of 70% and a biogas yield of 522 ml/day at an optimum MNP load of 0.5 g, retention time of 45 days, inoculum load of 500 ml, and a temperature of 35℃ with a desirability of 96% as the optimum conditions. With less than 2% deviation, the confirmatory test demonstrated equal performance at the optimum conditions. Findings from the fourth objective indicated that the BMP system with MF exposure exhibited a contaminant removal rate of over 80% and a biogas generation of 1715 ml/day with a 99.94% methane composition. Overall, the system that included both MF and MNP performed better than the other in terms of biogas yield and colour removal. The final objective was the kinetic study of the anaerobic magnetised system using modified Gompertz and first-order kinetic models. The results obtained from the kinetics showed that the modified Gompertz model described the kinetics and dynamics of the anaerobic magnetised system better than the firstorder kinetic model with a correlation co-efficient (R2 ) over 0.9999 and an error less than 0.0002. Therefore, the possibility of using MNPs, particularly magnetite (Fe3O4), in an AD system for biogas production from wastewater was found to be extremely feasible and without negative environmental consequences. Incorporating both MF and MNP in AD was also beneficial for wastewater treatment because it eliminated the need for post-treatment.