Hypersonic Missiles: Evaluating Modern Warfare in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

The Russia-Ukraine war represents the world’s first theatre where hypersonic missile systems have been employed in combat operations. However, there is insufficient literature on the comparative analysis of Russian hypersonic missiles launched during the conflict, namely the Kh-47M2 Kinzhal, 3M22 Zircon, and Oreshnik intermediate-range missile systems. The article evaluates their technological complexity, survivability against multilayer air and missile defence networks, and their overall impact in this conflict. The research establishes a doctrinal framework for translating theoretical deterrence into applied battlefield outcomes for hypersonic weapon systems. The study uses a qualitative approach that draws inferences from defence reports and media coverage to critically compare their battlefield capabilities. Key findings reveal that while Kinzhal and Zircon introduced tactical and maritime challenges in the early phases of the war, their initial advantages have been offset by the Ukrainian and Western missile defence networks, such as the Patriot, SAMP/T, and Sol-Air Moyenne-Portee/Terrestre (SAMP/T) systems. Oreshnik’s integration of Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs) has enabled higher strike success rates and greater strategic flexibility, though it has not yet been proven in repeated combat. The future missile development and air defence architectures of Ukraine and its western partners must prioritise countering conventional hypersonic threats and MIRV-equipped missiles to protect strategic assets.