Lifespan Depression

AbstractIn the United States, the word “depression” refers to everything from a transient mood state (feeling down) to the clinically diagnosed disorder known as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). In order to receive a diagnosis of MDD, a person must experience marked psychological distress as well as a decrease in cognitive and behavioral functioning. In addition, the two weeks prior to diagnosis the patient's life must be characterized by an almost daily occurrence of a dysphoric mood (i.e., sadness) and/or a loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities (anhedonia). The individual must also experience at least four of the following seven symptoms nearly every day for at least a two–week period: (1) significant weight change or change in appetite; (2) insomnia or hypersomnia; (3) psychomotor agitation or retardation; (4) fatigue or loss of energy; (5) feelings of worthlessness or of excessive or inappropriate guilt; (6) decreased concentration or indecisiveness; and (7) suicidal ideation, plan or attempt (see American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Only three of the above additional symptoms are needed for a diagnosis if dysphoric mood and anhedonia are both present. Other mood disorders related to MDD include Dysthymic Disorder, Bipolar (Manic‐Depressive) Disorder, and Cyclothymic Disorder.