A Review on Cardiac Biomarkers Detection for Heart Failure Prognosis

Nowadays, problems in healthcare sector seem to be more crucial than ever. Among these, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) play an important role, being for years a major threat to human health. In a bid to reduce the number of deaths due to heart diseases by taking precautions, science has turned to the development of devices able to offer early diagnosis of a heart failure. Recently, many biosensors have been developed based on cardiac biomarkers that can be detected in blood and predict the risk of heart failure. Of these, cardiac troponin is the best known, while C-reactive protein and myoglobin have also been used. Troponin is a complex of proteins found in the thin filaments of striated muscles and consists of three protein subunits, I, C and T. In case of myocardial malfunction, troponin is released into the blood. Consequently, the detection of elevated troponin levels at an early stage in human serum, is an indication of high risk of cardiovascular event enabling early medical intervention and treatment. In the present work, after the analysis of heart diseases, medical tests, troponin and its role in controlling myocardial health, there is an overview of the available biosensor platforms for cardiac biomarkers detection.