Zinc-doped hydroxyapatite loaded chitosan gelatin nanocomposite scaffolds as a promising platform for bone regeneration

Abstract The advancement in the arena of bone tissue engineering persuades us to develop novel nanocomposite scaffolds in order to improve antibacterial, osteogenic, and angiogenic properties that show resemblance to natural bone extracellular matrix. Here, we focused on the development of novel zinc-doped hydroxyapatite (ZnHAP) nanoparticles (1, 2 and 3 wt%; size: 50–60 nm) incorporated chitosan–gelatin (CG) nanocomposite scaffold, with an interconnected porous structure. The addition of ZnHAP nanoparticles decreases the pore size (∼30 µm) of the CG scaffolds. It was observed that with the increase in the concentration of ZnHAP nanoparticles (3 wt%) in CG scaffolds, the swelling ratio (1760% ± 2.0%), porosity (71% ± 0.98%) and degradation rate (35%) decreased, whereas mechanical property (1 MPa) increased, which was better as compared to control (CG) samples. Similarly, the high deposition of apatite crystals especially CG-ZnHAP3 nanocomposite scaffold revealed the excellent osteoconductive potential among all other scaffolds. MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells seeded with CG-ZnHAP nanocomposite scaffolds depicted better cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation to osteogenic lineages. Finally, the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay revealed better angiogenesis of ZnHAP nanoparticles (3 wt%) loaded CG scaffolds supporting vascularization after 7th day incubation in the CAM area. Overall, the results showed that the CG-ZnHAP3 nanocomposite scaffold could be a potential candidate for bone defect repair.