Modelling Heat Transfer in Nanofluids Using Fractional Calculus: Comparative Analysis of Caputo, Caputo-Fabrizio, and Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo Derivatives

This research investigates the behavior of nanofluids in solar thermal systems by incorporating fractional calculus. The study compares three fractional derivatives—Caputo, Caputo-Fabrizio, and Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo—applied to nanofluid models. These fractional models aim to enhance the understanding of anomalous heat transfer and mass transfer in nanofluid flows, with simulations compared to traditional models. The work develops computational models using finite difference methods and evaluates the fractional order results in heat transfer model.