Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin

The delivery of large peptides through the skin poses a significant challenge, and various strategies are under active investigation for enhancing the transdermal permeation. For large peptides, it is difficult to achieve significant permeation using iontophoresis alone. Hence a combination of fatty acids with iontophoresis was hypothesized to result in higher enhancement than achieved with either of them alone. Saturated fatty acids and <i>cis</i> unsaturated fatty acids were studied in combination with iontophoresis using excised rat skin. The skin was pretreated for 2 h with an ethanolic (EtOH) solution of 5% w/v or v/v fatty acids, namely lauric acid (LA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LOA) and linolenic acid (LLA), followed by either passive or iontophoretic permeation (0.5 mA/cm² for 6 h). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to investigate the biophysical changes on treatment with fatty acid/EtOH or neat fatty acid, mainly focusing on the infrared region at 2,920, 1,710 and 1,720 cm^–1. Unsaturated fatty acids showed higher enhancement than LA, and the enhancement increased with the number of double bonds. On the other hand, in the presence of iontophoresis, LA/EtOH showed the highest enhancement. Neat LOA did not show any significant difference (p > 0.05) compared to the LOA/EtOH combination. FT-IR studies revealed that fatty acids act by interacting with the skin lipids. All the fatty acids showed synergistic enhancement when combined with iontophoresis. The flux enhancement was highest with LA, which in the presence of iontophoresis showed 20 times enhancement of insulin flux in comparison to passive flux and 9 times enhancement as compared to iontophoresis alone. Flux enhancement of unsaturated fatty acids was in the following decreasing order LOA > OA > LLA.