Impact of air pollution with particulate particles on the risk of cardiovascular diseases (review)

This review analyzes the current understanding of the relationship between air pollutants and the development of general and cardiovascular mortality. Data from studies highlighting the effects of long- and short-term exposure to particulate matter on the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, arterial hypertension, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death, pulmonary embolism, and atherosclerosis, as well as on hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality from these causes are summarized. Based on a review of studies published in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar, the current paper outlines the putative pathophysiological mechanisms by which particulate matter exposure influences the cardiovascular system (CVS), primarily represented by oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism disorders, autonomic dysfunction, and impaired hemostatic system. Attention is focused on the impact of short- and long-term exposure to particulate matter on the CVS. The consequences of short-term exposure include the development of myocardial infarction, an increase in the frequency of hospitalization for chronic heart failure, atrial fibrillation, an increase in mortality from stroke and the risk of sudden death, and the development of pulmonary embolism. Arterial hypertension, aggravation of coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, development of atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia, and increased risk of mortality from coronary heart disease can be considered the consequences of long-term exposure to particulate matter. Raising awareness regarding the impact of air pollutants on the CVS has been recognized as the leading approach toward reducing mortality from cardiovascular disease.