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Gregory IX and the ‘Lombard Question’
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This chapter concerns the role of Gregory IX in the conflict between
Frederick II and the Lombard League, tracing the roots of this struggle from
the time when Gregory was still a cardinal, then exploring the so-called
War of the Keys, the re-emergence of the Negotium Lombardie in the 1230s,
and the descent into armed conflict at the end of Gregory’s pontificate.
It is argued that in contrast to the previous struggle with Barbarossa,
heresy and penitential warfare came to play a central part in the political
conflicts between Gregory and Frederick, which ultimately took on all
the trappings of a full crusade.
Title: Gregory IX and the ‘Lombard Question’
Description:
This chapter concerns the role of Gregory IX in the conflict between
Frederick II and the Lombard League, tracing the roots of this struggle from
the time when Gregory was still a cardinal, then exploring the so-called
War of the Keys, the re-emergence of the Negotium Lombardie in the 1230s,
and the descent into armed conflict at the end of Gregory’s pontificate.
It is argued that in contrast to the previous struggle with Barbarossa,
heresy and penitential warfare came to play a central part in the political
conflicts between Gregory and Frederick, which ultimately took on all
the trappings of a full crusade.
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