Evolution of Objective Structured Clinical Examination- Actual to Virtual

Objective Structured Clinical/Practical Examination (OSCE/OSPE) has come a long way since its inception by Harden RM in 1975. Literature offers many studies and reviews about its applicability in assessment and impact in learning outcomes. The present review traces the variants of OSCE as it has evolved over time with need and contextual variations, though still being sought after as one of the most valid tools in assessment of clinical and professional skills. The article reviews various forms viz., Group OSCE, Team OSCE, Objective structured assessments of technical skills, Shadow OSCE, Inter-professional OSCE, Inter-professional OSCE with Allied Embedded Actors, Reverse OSCE, Culture OSCE, e OSCE, Tele OSCE and Virtual OSCE in terms of the method and utility. Inspite of numerous variations, the principle of OSCE remain intact i.e., an effective tool to foster learning and attainment of clinical/practical competencies by direct observation of skills, timely and developmental feedback. The manuscript also gives an example of blueprint for assessment of skills wherein such OSCE variations can be planned depending on the nature and objective of assessment.