Integrated optics: conventional Mach–Zehnder interferometer configuration versus loop terminated Mach–Zehnder interferometer configuration–a perspective

Abstract This paper presents a comparative analysis of the conventional Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) configuration and the loop-terminated MZI (LT-MZI) configuration, emphasizing their respective advantages and utilization in sensing applications. The conventional MZI, renowned for its simplicity and versatility, is contrasted with the LT-MZI, which incorporates a loop termination to enhance sensitivity and spectral performance. Through a detailed examination of design principles, operational mechanisms, and performance metrics, it is shown that the LT-MZI configuration offers superior sensitivity and improved interference pattern control, making it particularly suitable for high-precision sensing applications. This perspective provides valuable insights into the selection and optimization of MZI configurations for specific photonic sensing needs.