Siberian Turkic Religion: The Tengrian Discourse

The author analyzes the basic ideas of the alternative Tengrian discourse related to general issues of Siberian Turkic religions. It is shown that since the 18th century, Shamanism had been viewed as the traditional Siberian Turkic religion; however, this established academic concept was challenged in the post-Soviet period. We demonstrate that the Tengrian discourse is rooted in two key ideas: 1) Tengrism is a well-developed monotheistic religion; 2) all deities within Tengrism are thought to be Tengri’s creations or emanations. These ideas are confirmed by examples from academic and media sources related to Tengrism. We analyze the relationship between Tengrism and Shamanism, as well as their main differences. As a well-developed religion, Tengrism is contrasted with Shamanism as an ancient religious practice strongly tied to a shaman’s personality and activities. Traditional academic views on Shamanism as the main religion of Siberian Turkic nations was recognized as a misconception. Academic discussions regarding the contrast between Shamanism and Tengrism are overviewed. We show that these discussions are ultimately rooted in terminological issues, since Shamanism is interpreted differently by various researchers: namely, in academia, Shamanism includes traditional religious practices of all Siberian and Far Eastern nations, whereas the participants of the Tengrian discourse only define Shamanism as the faith of Manchu-Tungus nations. We conclude that they define the faith of Siberian Turkic nations as Tengrism and refuse to equate it with Manchu-Tungus shamanism.