Tantric Temples

Tantra begins in India and is exported from there, in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain thought streams. There is material evidence of temples built according to the precepts given in the tantras from roughly the fifth century on in India. So, in establishing parameters for the label “tantric temple,” I take as a starting point India in about the fifth century ce, but the ending points extend worldwide and up to the present. It is a large scope. While some tantric ritual, in particular that of initiation, is performed without a temple, most occurs in a built temple space. Within the tantric traditions, ritual may be performed as a private and/or a public practice. Private practice is conducted in a relatively modest private shrine, while public practice requires a larger temple. The earliest textual record describes minor shrines perhaps intended for private esoteric ritual. Later texts present grander shrines clearly designed for public recognition and usage. However, despite any difference in scale and grandeur, the essential purpose of both is the same: to serve as the domicile of the deity or deities within and as the locus for their ritual service. The duty to house the deity being an ongoing one, maintained up to the present time, we see temples taking distinctive forms across place and time, from rock-cut cave temples to free-standing structural ones of evolving forms. Once constructed, the temple is consecrated. Then the deity may be installed within it, in iconic or aniconic form, and the deity is, in turn, consecrated. Thereafter, the deity must be attended to with daily ritual conducted by initiated officiants. The public may observe the ritual care of the deity, take part in rituals for private benefit, and obtain a visual connection with the deity (darśana). In addition to daily ritual, annual festivals (mahotsavas) take place, with a processing of the deity around the temple. In these ways, the temple becomes a hub of activity in its community. The information that the primary textual record offers on the temple can be used to form a picture that holds broadly true across the traditions that fall within the tantra bracket, and across time and place. But, of course, there are also differences between the accounts: differences of deities and associated visualizations and ritual methods; distinctive features associated with region; shifts in practice over time; and differences of detail, of inclusion, and of omission. The texts themselves address their differences, warning that one should work within the textual realm of a single tradition, without any blending (saṅkara) of teachings.