COMPLICATION OF SPINAL ANESTHESIA IN PATIENT UNDERGOING CEASEREAN SECTION

Background: Spinal anesthesia is widely regarded as the technique of choice for cesarean sections due to its rapid onset, minimal airway manipulation, reduced stress response, and effective postoperative pain control. Despite these advantages, spinal anesthesia is not without risks. Common complications such as hypotension, nausea, and vomiting are frequently encountered, while rare but serious events like high spinal block, spinal hematoma, and respiratory compromise remain critical concerns. Understanding these complications and their associated risk factors is essential for ensuring maternal and fetal safety during cesarean deliveries. Objective: To assess the frequency and types of complications associated with spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing cesarean section. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Bahria International Hospital, Lahore, from September 2024 to February 2025. A total of 100 female patients aged 18–45 years undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were recruited. Data were collected using a standardized, pre-validated questionnaire through face-to-face interviews and direct observation. Parameters assessed included demographic characteristics, type and frequency of complications, and associated clinical findings. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with descriptive statistics presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: The mean patient age was 35 years, with 65% between 18–30 years and 37% classified as obese. The most common complications reported were hypotension (41%), nausea and vomiting (48%), headache (50%), pain at injection site (55%), and shivering (31%). Severe complications included high spinal block (2.1%), complete spinal block (1.4%), spinal hematoma (0.7%), cardiac arrest (0.2%), respiratory arrest (0.1%), and anaphylaxis (0.1%). Neurological symptoms such as tingling (48%) and prolonged numbness (29%) were also observed. Conclusion: Spinal anesthesia remains a safe and effective method for cesarean sections; however, careful patient selection, vigilant monitoring, and early recognition of complications are crucial. Integrating preventive strategies and evidence-based management can significantly improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.