Exploring the frontiers of transcriptomics: Methods, applications, and future perspectives

Background: By allowing for the thorough characterization of gene expression, transcriptomics—the study of RNA transcripts generated by the genome—has transformed molecular biology and biomedical research. This area of study offers vital insights into the functioning dynamics of biological systems, cellular mechanisms, and the course of disease. The speed of transcriptomics research has increased due to developments in high-throughput sequencing technologies, especially RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), which enables researchers to examine bulk and single-cell transcriptomes with previously unheard-of resolution. Our comprehension of transcriptome data in the larger framework of omics sciences is further improved by the incorporation of bioinformatics techniques. Aim: this study is to give a thorough introduction to transcriptomics, emphasizing its methods, uses, and difficulties. It also aims to draw attention to current developments in the subject and how they affect environmental sciences, health, and medicine. Methods: Results from peer-reviewed publications published between 2020 and 2024 are combined in this study. Together with bioinformatics tools for data processing, it critically evaluates transcriptome techniques such as RNA-seq, single-cell transcriptomics, and spatial transcriptomics. With an emphasis on integrated omics, applications in ecological studies, biotechnology, and disease research are examined. Findings: Transcriptomics has greatly improved our comprehension of intricate biological processes.