Occurrence of brucellosis in cattle and goats in Malaysia: a review

The occurrence of brucellosis in Malaysian livestock population even though reported for many decades is low when compared to other countries in Asia. The presence of brucellosis in Malaysia was first confirmed in 1950 when B. abortus was first isolated from large ruminants. However, it was observed that there was a shift in the status of bovine brucellosis and unsubstantiated evidence suggests an increase of brucellosis infection among cattle. The most reliable and unambiguous method of diagnosing Brucella specie in animals is by isolation. Microscopic examination of smears made from vaginal, placenta or aborted foetus swabs have proven to be promising in the bacteriological examination of B. melitensis. Since the original recognition of the causative agent of brucellosis, large numbers of serological tests and various modifications to enhance accuracy have been developed for diagnosis of brucellosis. Serological testing for brucellosis among livestock is usually conducted as a component of the disease eradication and surveillance program. Rose Bengal plate test is the most widely used screening test for brucellosis. The test is internationally acknowledged as the choice for the screening of brucellosis in small ruminants and the OIE considers this test “prescribed tests for trade”. Many countries are undergoing a re-emergence of the disease especially in sheep and goats. In many countries, vaccination of animals has been found as the most successful method for prevention and control of brucellosis. Crucial factors for the successful eradication programme are the implementation of an effective surveillance system with adequate laboratory support.