Machine learning applications in vadose zone hydrology: A review

AbstractMachine learning (ML) has been broadly applied for vadose zone applications in recent years. This article provides a comprehensive review of such developments. ML applications for variables corresponding to different complex vadose zone processes are summarized mostly in a prediction context. By analyzing and assessing these applications, we discovered extensive usages of classic ML models with relatively limited applications of deep learning (DL) approaches in general. We also recognized a lack of benchmark datasets for soil property research as well as limited integration of physics‐based vadose zone principles into the ML approaches. To facilitate this interdisciplinary research of ML in vadose zone characterization and processes, a paradigm of knowledge‐guided machine learning is suggested along with other data‐driven and ML model‐based research suggestions to advance future research.