A Cumulative Risk and Protection Model of Dyslexia

BackgroundMultiple deficit causal models have begun to replace single deficit models in accounting for developmental dyslexia. These models argued that multiple factors combine and/or interact to cause the severe reading difficulties that characterize this disorder. In this paper, we introduce a cumulative risk and protection model that highlights various factors that influence reading achievement in children at risk for dyslexia. MethodsCurrent literature is reviewed that examines risk and resilience factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of severe reading difficulties in children with dyslexia. These factors are organized within a cumulative risk and protection model.ResultsEvidence indicates that deficits in phonological processing, oral language, visual processing, attention, as well as exogenous factors such as trauma increase the probability of dyslexia. Whereas research concerning protective factors is more limited, evidence does suggest that cognitive and socio-emotional resilience and family/peer support can limit the impact of risk factors. ConclusionsA cumulative risk and protection model provides a useful framework for understanding the causal basis of dyslexia. It also has implications for the early identification and intervention of the disorder.