Sekulariseringens mange ansigter

Hvad er opfattelsen af forholdet mellem religion og samfund blandt etniske danskere og de etniske minoriteter? Dette spørgsmål analyseres ud fra en spørgeskemaundersøgelse blandt etniske danskere og tyrkiske og pakistanske indvandrere og efterkommere i Danmark. Der formuleres tre hypoteser: For det første en sekulariseringshypotese: muslimer er mindre sekulariserede end danskere. For det andet en etnicitetshypotese: etnisk tilhørsforhold spiller en større rolle for værdier end trosretning. Den tredje hypotese vedrører socialisation og hævder at efterkommere placerer sig mellem etniske danskere og indvandrere mht. sekularisering. Sekularisering defineres som manglende sammenhæng mellem religion og andre værdier og måles i forhold til politik og familieværdier. Analysen viser at ingen af hypoteserne kan verificeres generelt, men at sammenhængene afhænger af såvel trosretning som etnisk gruppe. Graden af personlig religiøsitet spiller en rolle for graden af sekularisering, også for etniske danskerne. Resultaterne viser at man ikke kan skære alle muslimer over en kam og giver behov for mere nuancerede tolkninger af værdier blandt etniske grupper i Danmark. ENGELSK ABSTRACT: Peter Gundelach: The Many Faces of Secularism This article analyses the relationship between religion and politics in nine ethnic groups in Denmark (including Danes). The data were collected through a survey among these groups. Secularization is defined as the lack of a correlation between religion and other values, and is measured in relation to political and family values. The study has three hypotheses. 1) A secularization hypothesis states that Muslims are less secularized than Christians in Denmark; 2) An ethnicity hypothesis argues that ethnicity is more important than denomination as regards values; 3) A socialization hypothesis asserts that the longer time a person has lived in Denmark, the more s/he has secularized values. Since descendants of immigrants are socialized in Danish institutions as well as in immigrant families, the argument is that they are between the Danes and the immigrants in relation to secularization. The analysis shows that none of the hypotheses can be generally confirmed. Secularization must be explained by combinations of ethnicity and denomination. This means that it is impossible to generalize about the relationship between religious values and other values in all ethnic groups. Key words: Secularization, ethnicity, survey, Islam, political values.