Photosystem II in Symbiotic Algae

Symbiotic brown algae (zooxanthellae), Gymnodinium microadriaticum (= Symbiodinium microadriaticum), were isolated from the coral polyp Pocillopora damicornis and from the mantle of the clam Hippopus hippopus collected from coral reefs near Lizard Island on the Great Barrier Reef. Passage of the coral and clam zooxanthellae through a Yeda Press at 2000 and 21 000 p.s.i., respectively, yielded preparations of chloroplast lamellae with the ratio of chlorophyll α to chlorophyll c ranging from 0.95 to 1.2. The chloroplast preparations photoreduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) at rates of 1.66 (coral zooxanthellae chloroplasts) and 1.96 (clam zooxanthellae chloroplasts) micromoles DCPIP reduced per minute per milligram total chlorophyll in white light. Rates were 30-50% lower in red light. The photoreduction was inhibited more than 99% by 2.5 μM 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Comparisons made with maize chloroplasts indicated that the clam zooxanthellae chloroplasts required only slightly higher light intensities for maximum rates of photoreduction of DCPIP than the grana-containing maize mesophyll chloroplasts. The coral zooxanthellae chloroplasts required a still higher light intensity for near saturation of the photoreduction of DCPIP, but not as high as that required by maize bundle sheath chloroplasts. Chloroplasts prepared from green algae isolated from the tissues of a tunicate of unknown species also photoreduced DCPIP but at low rates. Light saturation for the reaction was attained at around the same intensity as for the clam zooxanthellae chloroplasts. Based on the photosynthetic rate of zooxanthellae isolated from the clam Tridacna maxima and the number of cells contained in the mantle, it was concluded that the photosynthetic potential of the mantle of T. maxima, on either a chlorophyll or area basis, was about the same as that of a leaf of a C3 plant.