Conceptualizing ICT entrepreneurship ecosystems: African and U.S. tech hubs

This review paper offers a comparative analysis of ICT entrepreneurship ecosystems in African and U.S. tech hubs, highlighting their structures, challenges, and impacts on local and global markets. It examines the roles of government policies, access to capital, talent pools, and the catalytic effect of tech hubs in fostering innovation and economic growth. The analysis reveals differences in maturity and operational dynamics between the ecosystems, with U.S. tech hubs benefiting from a mature environment of abundant resources, while African hubs display innovation driven by necessity and emerging global interest. The paper contributes theoretical and practical insights for stakeholders and suggests future research directions, including longitudinal studies and the exploration of the role of digital transformation in emerging markets.