A case study of China on the ballastless track

Ballastless track systems have become a cornerstone of modern high-speed railway (HSR) infrastructure due to their superior long-term performance, structural stability, and reduced maintenance requirements. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development and technological innovations in ballastless track structures, with a focused case study on China's experience. The study outlines five major phases in the evolution of ballastless track in China, ranging from early experiments with embedded block track to the importation, adaptation, and eventual independent development of advanced systems such as the CRTS I, II, and III. Through this progression, the paper highlights key innovations in materials, modular design, construction automation, and the integration of smart monitoring technologies. In addition, sustainability aspects such as noise and vibration reduction, use of eco-friendly materials, and lifecycle efficiency are examined. By consolidating technical knowledge and practical insights from China’s large-scale implementation, the paper offers valuable reference for countries considering or planning HSR infrastructure based on ballastless track systems