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Food preferences of a fungal-feeding Aphelenchoides species
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Abstract
The growth of Aphelenchoides sp. populations was investigated in vitro with
17 different fungal species as food source. Nematode mass cultures were
obtained with saprophytic (Agrocybe, Chaetomium) and especially with
mycorrhizal fungi (Cenococcum, Hymenoscyphus, Laccaria). Mitosporic species,
like Alternaria, Monocillium or Penicillium, were generally meagre or
non-hosts. This poor host suitability is likely due to the release of toxic
metabolites (e.g. antibiotics) and/or to morphological differences (e.g.,
forming of conidiophores) by the fungi. Frequent grazing of nematodes on
mycorrhizal mycelia may be of major significance for the establishment and
maintenance of mycorrhizal associations in the field. Food preference of
Aphelenchoides sp. was tested in choice chamber experiments. Nematodes
showed a marked preference for particular fungal species. They changed food
source with time, indicating a “mixed diet” selection, probably a strategy
to avoid the concentration of toxic metabolites. The attractiveness of a
fungus was not necessarily correlated with its suitability as a host. That a
poor fungal host can be a strong nematode attractant and influence their
spatial distribution in the soil has implications for nematode populations
in the field. In Laborexperimenten wurde die Vermehrung des Nematoden
Aphelenchoides sp. mit 17 verschiedenen Pilzspezies als Nahrungsgrundlage
untersucht. Neben saprophytischen Arten (Agrocybe, Chaetomium) eigneten sich
insbesondere Mykorrhizapilze (Cenococcum, Hymenoscyphus, Laccaria) für eine
Massenvermehrung. Eine schlechte Nahrungsquelle stellten mitosporische
Arten, wie Alternaria, Monocillium oder Penicillium, dar. Dies dürfte auf
toxische Stoffwechselprodukte (z.B., Antibiotika) und/oder auf
morphologische Unterschiede (z.B., Sporenbildung) zurückzuführen sein. Die
gute Vermehrung der Nematoden an Mykorrhizapilzen ist von weitreichender
Bedeutung für das Freiland. Negative Auswirkungen auf die Ausbildung und
Funktion von Mykorrhiza im Boden sind zu erwarten. In
Nahrungswahlexperimenten zeigte Aphelenchoides sp. eine ausgeprägte
Präferenz für bestimmte Pilzarten. Das Wechseln zwischen den einzelnen
Pilzspezies weist auf die Bevorzugung von “Mischnahrung” hin. Dies dürfte
eine Strategie zur Vermeidung von hohen Konzentrationen toxischer
Nahrungsbestandteile sein. Präferenz und Nahrungsqualität standen nur in
geringem Zusammenhang. Somit können auch Pilze, die eine schlechte
Nahrungsquelle darstellen, attraktiv auf Nematoden wirken und deren
Verbreitung in Boden und Rhizosphäre beeinflussen.
Title: Food preferences of a fungal-feeding Aphelenchoides species
Description:
Abstract
The growth of Aphelenchoides sp.
populations was investigated in vitro with
17 different fungal species as food source.
Nematode mass cultures were
obtained with saprophytic (Agrocybe, Chaetomium) and especially with
mycorrhizal fungi (Cenococcum, Hymenoscyphus, Laccaria).
Mitosporic species,
like Alternaria, Monocillium or Penicillium, were generally meagre or
non-hosts.
This poor host suitability is likely due to the release of toxic
metabolites (e.
g.
antibiotics) and/or to morphological differences (e.
g.
,
forming of conidiophores) by the fungi.
Frequent grazing of nematodes on
mycorrhizal mycelia may be of major significance for the establishment and
maintenance of mycorrhizal associations in the field.
Food preference of
Aphelenchoides sp.
was tested in choice chamber experiments.
Nematodes
showed a marked preference for particular fungal species.
They changed food
source with time, indicating a “mixed diet” selection, probably a strategy
to avoid the concentration of toxic metabolites.
The attractiveness of a
fungus was not necessarily correlated with its suitability as a host.
That a
poor fungal host can be a strong nematode attractant and influence their
spatial distribution in the soil has implications for nematode populations
in the field.
In Laborexperimenten wurde die Vermehrung des Nematoden
Aphelenchoides sp.
mit 17 verschiedenen Pilzspezies als Nahrungsgrundlage
untersucht.
Neben saprophytischen Arten (Agrocybe, Chaetomium) eigneten sich
insbesondere Mykorrhizapilze (Cenococcum, Hymenoscyphus, Laccaria) für eine
Massenvermehrung.
Eine schlechte Nahrungsquelle stellten mitosporische
Arten, wie Alternaria, Monocillium oder Penicillium, dar.
Dies dürfte auf
toxische Stoffwechselprodukte (z.
B.
, Antibiotika) und/oder auf
morphologische Unterschiede (z.
B.
, Sporenbildung) zurückzuführen sein.
Die
gute Vermehrung der Nematoden an Mykorrhizapilzen ist von weitreichender
Bedeutung für das Freiland.
Negative Auswirkungen auf die Ausbildung und
Funktion von Mykorrhiza im Boden sind zu erwarten.
In
Nahrungswahlexperimenten zeigte Aphelenchoides sp.
eine ausgeprägte
Präferenz für bestimmte Pilzarten.
Das Wechseln zwischen den einzelnen
Pilzspezies weist auf die Bevorzugung von “Mischnahrung” hin.
Dies dürfte
eine Strategie zur Vermeidung von hohen Konzentrationen toxischer
Nahrungsbestandteile sein.
Präferenz und Nahrungsqualität standen nur in
geringem Zusammenhang.
Somit können auch Pilze, die eine schlechte
Nahrungsquelle darstellen, attraktiv auf Nematoden wirken und deren
Verbreitung in Boden und Rhizosphäre beeinflussen.
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