Mineralogical, geochemical and physical properties assessment of clay deposits in Umuoke Obowo Southeastern Nigeria for industrial applications

This study assessed the suitability of clay deposits from Umuoke, Obowo in southeastern Nigeria as local raw materials for industrial applications. Ten samples were collected from different mining pits across the locality. X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and physical property tests characterized the clays based on geochemical composition, mineralogy and key attributes. The clays showed high silica (56.41%) and alumina (32.82%) contents typical of aluminosilicate clays. Iron oxide levels were moderately elevated (3.34% Fe2O3). Clay minerals kaolinite (18.9-37.0%) and illite (0.5-4.15%) occurred predominantly alongside non-clay minerals like quartz, feldspars and metal oxides. The clays exhibited high plasticity (avg. plasticity index 26.61%) enabling easy moulding and shaping. Porosity averaged 21.33% appropriate for refractories. Firing shrinkage (6.5-19.2%) and density (1.54-1.76 g/cm3) were in acceptable ranges. Strength post-firing reached the 15 N/mm2 minimum standard. Estimated refractoriness was 1680.22°C. Overall, the Umuoke clays demonstrate favourable chemistry, mineralogy and physical properties for refractories and structural ceramics applications pending some processing adjustments. Locally exploiting these deposits can promote import substitution, rural industrialization and sustainable development in Nigeria. Further pilot testing can optimize formulations and processes for targeted ceramic products. Comprehensive nationwide clay deposit prospecting is also recommended. The clays are suitable for refractory bricks, ceramic tableware, architectural ceramics, wall tiles, pottery items.