Tin, Tin Alloys, and Tin Compounds

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. History  2. Properties 3. Occurrence; Ore Extraction and Beneficiation 3.1. Minerals 3.2. Deposits 3.3. Mining 3.4. Ore Beneficiation 4. Smelting 4.1. Fundamental Theory of Smelting 4.2. Special Aspects of the Winning of Tin from its Ores 4.3. Production of Crude Tin 4.3.1. General Aspects 4.3.2. Ore Preparation prior to Reduction 4.3.2.1. Pyrometallurgical Enrichment of Low‐Grade Concentrates 4.3.2.2. Roasting 4.3.2.3. Leaching 4.3.3. Reduction 4.3.3.1. Reduction in a Shaft Kiln 4.3.3.2. Reduction in a Reverberatory Furnace 4.3.3.3. Reduction in Rotary Kilns 4.3.3.4. Reduction in an Electric Furnace 4.3.3.5. Other Reduction Processes 4.3.4. Slag Processing 5. Refining 5.1. Pyrometallurgical Refining 5.1.1. Removal of Iron 5.1.2. Removal of Copper 5.1.3. Removal of Arsenic 5.1.4. Removal of Lead 5.1.5. Removal of Bismuth 5.2. Electrorefining 5.2.1. Electrorefining in Acid Medium 5.2.2. Electrorefining in an Alkaline Medium 5.2.3. Other Methods of Electrorefining 6. Recovery of Tin from Scrap Materials and Residues 7. Analysis 7.1. Analysis of Ores and Concentrates 7.2. Analysis of Metallic Tin 8. Economic Aspects 9. Tin Alloys and Coatings 10. Inorganic Tin Compounds 10.1. Tin(II) Compounds 10.2. Tin(IV) Compounds 11. Organic Compounds of Tin 11.1. Properties of Organotin Compounds 11.2. Production of Organotin Compounds 11.3. Industrially Important Compounds 11.4. Analysis of Organotin Compounds 11.5. Storage and Shipping of Organotin Compounds 11.6. Pattern of Production and Consumption 12. Toxicology