The Application of Animal-Derived Peptides for Glaucoma Control

Glaucoma remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness, characterized by retinal ganglion cell degeneration and progressive optic nerve damage. Although intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the primary modifiable risk factor, disease progression often occurs despite adequate IOP control, indicating the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Thus, recent research has turned attention to neuroprotective approaches that target oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and impaired vascular perfusion. Among these, animal-derived peptides, particularly those obtained from the venom of the Brazilian armed spider, Phoneutria nigriventer, have shown promising therapeutic properties. The synthetic peptide PnPP-19, inspired by the venom’s bioactive components, demonstrates significant potential by promoting nitric oxide release, enhancing ocular blood flow, and preserving retinal ganglion cells. Because of this, this chapter explores the potential of animal-derived peptides, particularly those isolated or inspired by the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer, in the treatment of glaucoma. Furthermore, it explores the anatomical and molecular basis of glaucomatous damage, emphasizing the relevance of nitric oxide and glutamate pathways, and presents preclinical evidence supporting the use of venom-derived peptides for neuroprotection in glaucoma. Moreover, it explores the integration of innovative drug delivery systems and biologically active peptides, highlighting the future challenges of integrating peptide-based therapies into clinical ophthalmology.