The Natural Perception Hypothesis: Sensory‑Feedback Loops Catalyze Speciation and Ecological Divergence

The Natural Perception Hypothesis (NPH) significantly advances evolutionary theory by proposing that intrinsic sensory polymorphisms alone can initiate evolutionary divergence and speciation, even in environmentally uniform habitats. Distinct from traditional models such as sensory drive and signal–receiver theories, which emphasize external environmental gradients or mating preferences, NPH suggests genetically determined sensory variations (e.g., mutations in opsin or olfactory receptor genes) independently create perceptual niches. These unique sensory niches actively shape organismal interactions with their surroundings, driving ecological and behavioral differentiation through assortative behaviors and promoting reproductive isolation.NPH integrates three core evolutionary components: environment (E), sensory systems (Os), and interactive traits (Oi), through five interconnected evolutionary pathways: sensory drive, ecological selection, sensory bias, niche construction, and the interactive-trait selection (Oi → Os). Central to NPH are novel evolutionary motifs, such as sensory-driven niche construction (SD-NCT) loop and comprehensive perceptual-environmental meta loop. These motifs illustrate how sensory variation alone can establish and sustain evolutionary feedback mechanisms that impact both behaviors, ecological, and environmental conditions.Empirical validation and theoretical models robustly support NPH predictions. Mathematical modeling and numerical simulations inspired by Lake Victoria cichlid adaptive radiation demonstrate that minor initial sensory differences can profoundly amplify ecological and behavioral divergence via reinforcing feedback loops. Empirical studies across diverse taxa, including Hawaiian Laupala crickets and Rhagoletis fruit flies, confirm speciation events driven solely by sensory divergence.By establishing sensory perception as a dynamic evolutionary driver, NPH expands classical frameworks, enriching our understanding of speciation, biodiversity conservation, and adaptive radiation dynamics.Keywords: Sensory Variation, Speciation, Evolutionary Feedback, Ecological Divergence, Natural Perception Hypothesis