Geodynamics and Structural Evolution of Makran Accretionary Prism, Arabian-Eurasian Convergent Plate Boundary

The complex interplay between thrust wedge deformation, tectonically-induced fluid overpressures, and the complex phases of wedge-top sedimentary depositional systems in accretionary prisms presents a formidable challenge. The offshore Makran accretionary prism is the world's largest, formed by the convergence of Arabian plate underneath Eurasian plate in the Early Cretaceous, followed by Middle Miocene renewed subduction. The substantial tectonic shortening, imbricate thrust faulting triggered by Middle Miocene renewed subduction, coupled with a continuous influx of sediments, synergistically contributed to the remarkable accumulation of ~7.5 km thick sedimentary succession. In this research, geological and geophysical constraints derived from seismic and borehole stratigraphy, seismic attributes, depth structural maps, isopach maps and 3D structural geological models reveal that Middle Miocene renewed subduction controls thrust wedge deformation, deep fluid overpressure and the deformational pattern of wedge-top sedimentary depositional systems. The seismic data analysis suggested that the basement pre-kinematic Himalayan turbidities depositional system (HTDs) have been tectonically incorporated into the accretionary prism by Middle Miocene renewed subduction, which gave rise to complex folding and N-dipping imbricate thrusting features. These N-dipping imbricate thrust faults initiated sediment underplating and served as major structural pathways for deep fluid overpressure migration, resulting in the formation of fluid escape pipes. The fluid escape pipes exhibit conical and bifurcating geometries with inclination angles of approximately 73°, 90°, and 100°, signifying the upward migration of deep overpressured fluids. Furthermore, the Middle Miocene to Pliocene syn-kinematic piggyback and growth depositional system (PGDs) show progressive thickening (Max ~3600m) towards onshore Makran accretionary prism. It lies unconformable above the pre-kinematic HTDs and carries valuable sedimentation records, growth stratal patterns, onlap terminations, and truncations against growing structures, revealed the timing and spatial deformation of thrust faults in 3D space. In contrast, the Pleistocene to Recent post-kinematic progradational depositional system (PDs) exhibits clinoforms marked by top-lapping, on-lapping, and down-lapping reflection, which are primarily controlled by sediment recycling dynamics and sea level change since Pleistocene. It shows progressive thickening (Max ∼1800m) towards the Makran subduction zone and lies unconformably above the syn-kinematic PGDs. Abridging the analyses, the tectonic reconstruction and deformation mechanisms model shows four phases, e.g. (1) initiation of subduction and accretionary prism formation in Eocene, (2) N-dipping imbricate thrust faults and deep fluid overpressure triggered by Middle Miocene renewed subduction, (3) development of piggyback basins and growth stratal geometries in Middle Miocene to Pliocene, (4) thrust deformation ceases and development of progradational depositional system. This research will provide a strong foundation for comprehending the convergent tectonic mechanisms that shape accretionary prism geometry, tectonically-induced fluid overpressure, and the deformational patterns of wedge-top sedimentary depositional systems in active convergent margins (e.g. Nankai Trough, Cascadia, Barbados, and Hikurangi).