Metal Surface Defect Detection Based on Metal-YOLOX

Article Metal Surface Defect Detection Based on Metal-YOLOX Xiaoli Yue , Jiandong Chen , and Guoqiang Zhong * 1 College of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China * Correspondence: gqzhong@ouc.edu.cn     Received: 14 June 2023 Accepted: 13 September 2023 Published: 21 December 2023   Abstract: Due to the limitations of manufacture technologies, working environments and other conditions, metals (such as steel and aluminum) are susceptible to surface defects during the production process. Therefore, defect detection is an indispensable part of metal manufacturing. This paper innovatively proposes a one-stage defect detection model named Metal-YOLOX. Metal-YOLOX addresses the limitations in existing models posed by large variances in defect features and inadequate balance between detection accuracy and efficiency. Firstly, the composite convolution module of Metal-YOLOX integrates texture, dilated and deformable convolutions to filter out irrelevant features and extract effective feature information. Secondly, the feature cross-fusion module (HCNet) alleviates the problem of large dimensional differences in defects. HCNet uses skip connections to establish the connection between the original multi-scale features and the output nodes, and reduces the addition of redundant information. Thirdly, Metal-YOLOX adopts the deep separable convolution and global channel reduction. This lightweight design helps reduce computational complexity. Finally, detailed experiments demonstrate that, in terms of mean average precision, Metal-YOLOX achieves 79.83, 69.14, and 81.22 on the NEU-DET, GC-10 and Aluminum datasets, respectively. Furthermore, Metal-YOLOX dramatically reduces parameter number and computational complexity. The experiments validate that the Metal-YOLOX model improves the detection performance, maintains the detection speed, and meets the real-time requirements.