Hybrid Energy Storage System Integrating Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors for Enhanced Electric Vehicle Performance

Abstract The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has highlighted critical challenges related to battery efficiency, lifespan, and performance under dynamic driving conditions. This paper presents a novel Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) that combines lithium-ion batteries with Supercapacitors to address peak power demands and enhance overall system performance. The proposed HESS utilizes the high energy density of batteries for steady-state driving and the rapid charge–discharge capability of Supercapacitors for sudden acceleration or regenerative braking. By offloading peak power demands to the Supercapacitors, the system reduces battery stress, minimizes thermal effects, and extends battery life. An Arduino based control unit governs the real time switch between energy sources using a power management algorithm based on acceleration profiles. This ensures efficient load balancing and improved power utilization. The system also includes a mobile application interface to monitor parameters such as battery state of charge (SOC), speed, and overall system status. Additionally, the HESS is equipped with a robust monitoring and user-interface system that captures and communicates key vehicle parameters such as battery state of charge (SOC), vehicle speed, and operational status via a mobile application, enhancing user engagement and system transparency. Experimental results and simulations confirm that the proposed HESS improves energy efficiency, reduces battery degradation, and supports the development of more sustainable and reliable EV technologies. The integration of this hybrid system presents a practical and scalable solution for extending EV battery life while maintaining high-performance standards under varying driving conditions.