Hypoxia‐induced endothelial–mesenchymal transition is associated with RASAL1 promoter hypermethylation in human coronary endothelial cells

Cardiac fibrosis is integral in chronic heart disease, and one of the cellular processes contributing to cardiac fibrosis is endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT). We recently found that hypoxia efficiently induces human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) to undergo EndMT through a hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF1α)‐dependent pathway. Promoter hypermethylation of Ras‐Gap‐like protein 1 (RASAL1) has also been recently associated with EndMT progression and cardiac fibrosis. Our findings suggest that HIF1α and transforming growth factor (TGF)/SMAD signalling pathways synergistically regulate hypoxia‐induced EndMT through both DNMT3a‐mediated hypermethylation of RASAL1 promoter and direct SNAIL induction. The findings indicate that multiple cascades may be activated simultaneously to mediate hypoxia‐induced EndMT.