Coumarins in applied chemical engineering: From natural scaffolds to functional materials

Background: Coumarins, a class of naturally occurring α-benzopyrones, have attracted substantial interest due to their diverse structural versatility and wide range of industrial and biomedical applications. Their photophysical properties, reactive moieties, and ease of functionalization position them as valuable agents in applied chemical engineering. Aim: This review aims to comprehensively examine the role of coumarins in applied chemical engineering, highlighting their transition from natural plant-derived scaffolds to synthetic molecules with advanced functionalities for industrial and pharmaceutical use. Methods: The article compiles and analyzes current literature on the sources, biosynthesis, and synthetic strategies for coumarins and their derivatives. It explores their physicochemical properties, functionalization methods, and implementation in diverse applications, including material science, catalysis, drug development, and environmental remediation. Results: Coumarins exhibit significant promise in various domains due to their inherent photoreactivity, electronic delocalization, and biological compatibility. Engineered coumarin-based materials have demonstrated practical utility in bioimaging, smart coatings, sensors, and therapeutic agents. The review also discusses eco-friendly synthesis techniques, recent advances in structure-activity relationships, and challenges associated with scalability and toxicity. Conclusion: Coumarins represent a crucial intersection between natural product chemistry and modern engineering. Their multifunctionality enables them to serve as adaptable platforms for the design of next-generation materials and therapeutics. Future work should prioritize sustainable production methods, industrial scalability, and enhanced biocompatibility to unlock their full potential in applied chemical engineering.