Determinants of Community-Acquired Pneumonia among 2-59 Months Old Children Attending Health Facility in Hossaena Town, Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Globally, pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality among children. Among high burden countries, Ethiopia ranks fifth. Regardless of this fact, efforts to identify determinants of pneumonia have been limited in the study area.Objective: Identify the determinants of community-acquired pneumonia among under-five children. Methods: Institution-based unmatched case-control prospective study was carried out among 143 cases and 285 controls of under-five children. The data were collected using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire, then entered into Epi-info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS) version 20. logistic regression model was used to determine the effect of various factors on the outcome variable. Results: The result of this study identified maternal age less than 25 years (AOR=3.98, 95% CI=2.16,7.31), family size greater than 4 (AOR=4.99, 95% CI=2.62,9.50),non-exclusive breast feeding (AOR=2.40, 95% CI=1.03,5.57), stunting (AOR=1.99, 95% CI=1.11, 3.60), history of diarrhea in the last 15 days (AOR=2.37,95% CI=1.13,4.98), charcoal used as a source of cooking fuel (AOR=6.09, 95% CI=2.77,17.12), lack of separate kitchen (AOR=2.20,95% CI=1.24, 3.91) and parental smoking (AOR=3.79, 95% CI=1.82, 7.90) were determinants of community acquired pneumonia among 2-59 month age children. Conclusion: Maternal age< 25 years, family size> 4, non-exclusive breastfeeding, stunting, history of diarrhea, charcoal use as cooking fuel, and parental smoking were risk factors of community-acquired pneumonia. Limiting the family size, nutritional intervention, prevention and early treatment of diarrheal diseases, and preventing indoor air pollution could be optional interventions to reduce the risk of community-acquired pneumonia.