Livorno

Chapter 1 examines the theoretical tools and institutional framework that the grand dukes had at their disposal when planning Livorno. Although contemporary theories of reason of s...

Chapter 7 shows how commercial crisis in Livorno, combined with debates over its distinctive institutions and problematic role in the policy process, helped introduce scientific po...

In the twilight of the Renaissance, the grand duke of Tuscany—a scion of the fabled Medici family of bankers—invited foreign merchants, artisans, and ship captains to settle in his...

Chapter 5 examines the creation of the classic free port, which taxed only for commercial services. The latter half of the seventeenth century inaugurated an age of conscious exper...