Challenges, needs and opportunities for deep-sea ECOPs in the science-to-policy interface – a bottom-up approach

Early-career ocean professionals (ECOPs) are essential contributors at the science-policy interface, playing a crucial role in intergenerational knowledge sharing and capacity building. With their interdisciplinary backgrounds and training in modern methodologies, ECOPs are equipped to tackle pressing global challenges through innovative solutions. For example, they lead new research areas such as ocean-climate interactions and marine biodiversity, assisting policymakers in developing solutions based on the latest scientific evidence. By engaging with the science-policy interface, ECOPs who focus on biodiversity and ecosystem services effectively highlight the implications of biodiversity loss and environmental issues for policymakers. They link these challenges to critical concerns on the political agenda, including the economy, security, human health, and the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by all nations. Thus, increasing the involvement of early-career experts in knowledge production and policy development is vital for fostering engagement across both disciplinary and generational boundaries.While ECOPs' participation in large-scale decision-making initiatives provides opportunities to enhance their collaborative skills—such as networking, interdisciplinary knowledge, and leadership—many barriers hinder their engagement. These challenges include a lack of knowledge-sharing and mentorship opportunities, along with limited access to training that is essential for navigating relevant sectors and disciplines. Additionally, access to professional opportunities, resources, and funding for developing networks and participating in transdisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and cross-sectoral projects is often restricted. Challenges such as the scarcity of long-term contracts, inadequate travel support, unpaid work, workplace harassment, and a highly competitive academic hierarchy further complicate the landscape for ECOPs.The challenges faced by deep-sea ECOPs engagement in science to policy may be compounded by various factors, including geographic origin, gender, and native language. Deep-sea exploration and research are predominantly led by institutions in developed countries, resulting in undesirable practices like parachute science, harassment, bullying, and the exclusion of professionals from developing nations from planning, conducting, and publishing deep-sea research.In this context, a questionnaire aiming to map challenges, needs and opportunities from deep-sea ECOP worldwide was developed. One-hundred twenty-six (126) respondents from developed and developing countries ranked the main challenges faced to participate into the science-to-policy interface and listed improved access to funding, information on contributing to decision-making processes, and greater networking opportunities with established professionals as important opportunities to enhance engagement. This work aims to present the results obtained through the questionnaire and discuss challenges faced deep-sea ECOPs, particularly those from developing countries. Finally, we will explore potential avenues for increased participation and innovative approaches to ocean sustainability and governance.