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The Neural Correlates of Expectations Effects
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Placebos are inert substances or sham procedures encompassed within a positive psychosocial context whose self-healing properties are termed placebo effects. Of relevance, “There’s not one single placebo effect, but many” (Benedetti, 2014). Consequently, placebo effects are formed and triggered by distinct processes such as classical conditioning and expectations which are supposedly supported by different neural mechanisms. In Study 1 entitled “Neural correlates of expectations-induced effects of caffeine intake on executive functions” (Wicht et al., 2021a), my colleagues and myself contrasted the effects of caffeine and caffeine expectations on neurocognitive performance at two cognitive tasks in a population of conditioned individuals (i.e., moderate caffeine consumers). Our results indicated that neither caffeine nor expectations were able to enhance cognitive performance. Still, we showed that caffeine and expectations activate the same neural networks, but to a different extent. In Study 2 entitled “Experience with opioids does not lead to the recruitment of distinct brain network during placebo analgesia” (Wicht et al., 2021b), my colleagues and myself aimed at demonstrating that expectations formed through conditioning (i.e., conditioned expectations) or verbal suggestions (i.e., verbally-induced expectations) rely on distinct neural underpinnings. For that purpose, we relied on the model of acute pain in the context of placebo analgesia and by contrasting groups of individuals with or without prior experience with opioids. We demonstrated that the two types of expectations do not recruit different brain networks to produce comparable placebo analgesia. Overall, the thesis project illustrates that no matter the type of expectations, they tend to reactivate the same neural network as the substituted active intervention to produce comparable effects. Most importantly, it seems likely that there is not one general neurobiological substrate supporting all type of expectations but that they are dependent on contextual information initially provided by the active intervention substituted by the placebo.
Le Placébo prend la forme d’une substance inerte ou d’une intervention trompeuse intégré dans un contexte psychosocial positif et dont les propriétés d’auto-guérison sont appelées les effets placébos. Il est important de relever qu’il n’existe pas qu’un seul effet placébo, mais plusieurs (Benedetti, 2014). De ce fait, les effets placébos sont formés et déclenchés par des processus distincts tel que le conditionnement classique ou les attentes que l’on suppose être soutenus par différents mécanismes neuronaux. Dans l’Étude 1 intitulée “Neural correlates of expectations-induced effects of caffeine intake on executive functions” (Wicht et al., 2021a), nous avons comparé les effets de la caféine et des attentes sur les performances neurocognitives à deux tâches cognitives dans une population d’individus préalablement conditionnés (c.-à-d., des consommateurs modérés de caféine). Nos résultats indiquent que ni la caféine ni les attentes ne sont capables d’améliorer les performances cognitives. Néanmoins, nous avons montré que la caféine et les attentes activent les mêmes réseaux neuronaux, mais avec une intensité différente. Dans l’Étude 2 intitulée “Experience with opioids does not lead to the recruitment of distinct brain network during placebo analgesia” (Wicht et al., 2021b), nous avions pour objectif de montrer que les attentes formées au travers du conditionnement (c.-à-d., les attentes conditionnées) ou par les suggestions verbales (attentes verbalement induites) dépendent de réseaux neuronaux distincts. Pour ce faire, nous avons employé le modèle de la douleur aigue dans le contexte de l’analgésie placébo tout en comparant des groupes d’individus avec ou sans expérience préalable des opioïdes. Nous avons démontré que les deux types d’attentes ne recrutaient pas des réseaux neuronaux différents pour produire des effets analgésiques placébos comparables. Dans l’ensemble, le projet de thèse illustre que peu importe le type d’attentes, celles-ci ont tendance à réactiver les mêmes réseaux neuronaux que ceux activés par l’intervention active remplacée par le placébo, dans le but de produire des effets comparables. Plus important encore, il semble probable qu’il n’existe pas de substrat neurobiologique général qui supporterait tous les types d’attentes mais que ces bases neuronales dépendent des informations contextuelles initialement fournies par l’intervention que le placébo remplace.
Title: The Neural Correlates of Expectations Effects
Description:
Placebos are inert substances or sham procedures encompassed within a positive psychosocial context whose self-healing properties are termed placebo effects.
Of relevance, “There’s not one single placebo effect, but many” (Benedetti, 2014).
Consequently, placebo effects are formed and triggered by distinct processes such as classical conditioning and expectations which are supposedly supported by different neural mechanisms.
In Study 1 entitled “Neural correlates of expectations-induced effects of caffeine intake on executive functions” (Wicht et al.
, 2021a), my colleagues and myself contrasted the effects of caffeine and caffeine expectations on neurocognitive performance at two cognitive tasks in a population of conditioned individuals (i.
e.
, moderate caffeine consumers).
Our results indicated that neither caffeine nor expectations were able to enhance cognitive performance.
Still, we showed that caffeine and expectations activate the same neural networks, but to a different extent.
In Study 2 entitled “Experience with opioids does not lead to the recruitment of distinct brain network during placebo analgesia” (Wicht et al.
, 2021b), my colleagues and myself aimed at demonstrating that expectations formed through conditioning (i.
e.
, conditioned expectations) or verbal suggestions (i.
e.
, verbally-induced expectations) rely on distinct neural underpinnings.
For that purpose, we relied on the model of acute pain in the context of placebo analgesia and by contrasting groups of individuals with or without prior experience with opioids.
We demonstrated that the two types of expectations do not recruit different brain networks to produce comparable placebo analgesia.
Overall, the thesis project illustrates that no matter the type of expectations, they tend to reactivate the same neural network as the substituted active intervention to produce comparable effects.
Most importantly, it seems likely that there is not one general neurobiological substrate supporting all type of expectations but that they are dependent on contextual information initially provided by the active intervention substituted by the placebo.
Le Placébo prend la forme d’une substance inerte ou d’une intervention trompeuse intégré dans un contexte psychosocial positif et dont les propriétés d’auto-guérison sont appelées les effets placébos.
Il est important de relever qu’il n’existe pas qu’un seul effet placébo, mais plusieurs (Benedetti, 2014).
De ce fait, les effets placébos sont formés et déclenchés par des processus distincts tel que le conditionnement classique ou les attentes que l’on suppose être soutenus par différents mécanismes neuronaux.
Dans l’Étude 1 intitulée “Neural correlates of expectations-induced effects of caffeine intake on executive functions” (Wicht et al.
, 2021a), nous avons comparé les effets de la caféine et des attentes sur les performances neurocognitives à deux tâches cognitives dans une population d’individus préalablement conditionnés (c.
-à-d.
, des consommateurs modérés de caféine).
Nos résultats indiquent que ni la caféine ni les attentes ne sont capables d’améliorer les performances cognitives.
Néanmoins, nous avons montré que la caféine et les attentes activent les mêmes réseaux neuronaux, mais avec une intensité différente.
Dans l’Étude 2 intitulée “Experience with opioids does not lead to the recruitment of distinct brain network during placebo analgesia” (Wicht et al.
, 2021b), nous avions pour objectif de montrer que les attentes formées au travers du conditionnement (c.
-à-d.
, les attentes conditionnées) ou par les suggestions verbales (attentes verbalement induites) dépendent de réseaux neuronaux distincts.
Pour ce faire, nous avons employé le modèle de la douleur aigue dans le contexte de l’analgésie placébo tout en comparant des groupes d’individus avec ou sans expérience préalable des opioïdes.
Nous avons démontré que les deux types d’attentes ne recrutaient pas des réseaux neuronaux différents pour produire des effets analgésiques placébos comparables.
Dans l’ensemble, le projet de thèse illustre que peu importe le type d’attentes, celles-ci ont tendance à réactiver les mêmes réseaux neuronaux que ceux activés par l’intervention active remplacée par le placébo, dans le but de produire des effets comparables.
Plus important encore, il semble probable qu’il n’existe pas de substrat neurobiologique général qui supporterait tous les types d’attentes mais que ces bases neuronales dépendent des informations contextuelles initialement fournies par l’intervention que le placébo remplace.
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