Electroosmotic thrusters in soft nanochannels for space propulsion

Space propulsion of electroosmotic thrusters (EOTs) with a soft charged nanochannel is investigated considering the Navier slip boundary and constant surface charge density on the walls of slit channels. The soft nanochannel is characterized by a wall-grafted ion-penetrable charged polyelectrolyte layer (PEL). The Poisson–Boltzmann equation is solved to give the electric potential distribution based on the assumption of the Debye–Hückel linearization for the low electric potential. An analytical solution of the electroosmotic velocity through the soft channel is obtained. The thrust, specific impulse, and total input power of EOTs produced by the electroosmotic flow are presented, and then, two significant physical quantities, thruster efficiency and thrust-to-power ratio, are described. It is found that these performance curves strongly depend on the slip length, surface charge density on the walls, drag coefficient, equivalent electric double layer thickness, PEL thickness, and density ratio of the PEL to the electrolyte solution layer. By analyzing and optimizing these design parameters, the simulated EOTs can deliver the thrust from 0 μN to 10 µN as well as the specific impulse from 40 s to 100 s, and the thruster efficiency up to 87.22% is realized. If more thrust control and kinetic energy are needed for different space missions, an array composed of thousands of single EOT emitters is constructed and maintains high thruster efficiency. Moreover, during mission operation, the total potential can be simply varied to optimize the performances of thrusters at any moment.