Theoretical and Methodological Features of Phenomenography: A Comparative Review

Phenomenography is an innovative research approach to investigating the unique modes of perceiving a phenomenon due to individuals' different degrees of awareness. It explores human variation in experiences and discerns the phenomenon from surface to deep level. The current thematic study was supposed to examine the theoretical and methodological features of phenomenography. As a methodology, various articles were selected from Google Scholar and peer-reviewed journals based on predetermined criteria. The data of these studies were analyzed to identify the critical themes of phenomenography. The study's key findings about theoretical features of phenomenography are based on the second-order perspective, non- dualistic nature, internal subject-object relation, and critical aspects. Methodological features discover categories of description and outcome space, which are the distinctive outcomes of phenomenography. This study proposes a wide range of implications to motivate researchers and methodologists to look at the potential benefits of adopting phenomenography as a method in future research practices.