Pharmacological Investigation and Health Benefits of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Lam: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives

Moringa oleifera Lam, referred to as the horseradish or drumstick tree, has attracted much interest for its diverse pharmacological properties and traditional uses across various cultures. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the pharmacological properties of M. oleifera, focusing on its phytochemical composition, therapeutic potential, and safety profile. This study discusses various pharmacological characteristics, including antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. This review also investigates the mechanisms of action responsible for the observed pharmacological effects and provides insights into the molecular pathways involved. The safety and potentially harmful effects of M. oleifera supplements are evaluated through preclinical and clinical trials. This review summarises the current understanding of M. oleifera’s pharmacological properties and offers valuable insights for researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers seeking to utilise the therapeutic potential of this plant. Overall, M. oleifera shows great promise as a natural source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic applications. Future research should focus on M. oleifera therapeutic applications of M. oleifera, including clinical trials, structure-activity relationships, and novel formulations to improve bioavailability and efficacy. Major Findings: Moringa oleifera exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Various plant parts have demonstrated therapeutic potential with a favourable safety profile, though further research is needed to optimise formulations and validate clinical efficacy. Future studies should focus on clinical trials, synergistic effects, and standardization to enhance its therapeutic applications.