Origin of Galactose‐Deficient Immunoglobulin G in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Periodontitis

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by a synergistic and dysbiotic microbial community that elicits a gingival inflammatory response leading to tissue breakdown. Periodontitis shares many characteristics with other chronic inflammatory diseases, including abnormal glycosylation of immunoglobulin (Ig)G. The current authors have previously demonstrated that IgG from gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with chronic periodontitis contains galactose (Gal)‐deficient IgG.Methods: The origin of the aberrantly glycosylated IgG was determined by measuring levels of Gal‐deficient IgG in GCF and serum from patients with periodontitis and non‐periodontitis controls using lectin enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The Ig‐producing cells and the proportion of cells producing Gal‐deficient IgG were immunohistochemically determined in gingival tissues from patients with periodontitis by fluorescence microscopy. The results were statistically evaluated and correlated with clinical data.Results: The results indicate that GCF of patients with periodontitis had higher levels of Gal‐deficient IgG compared with controls (P = 0.002). In gingival tissues, IgG was the dominant isotype among Ig‐producing cells, and 60% of IgG‐positive cells produced Gal‐deficient IgG. Moreover, the proportion of Gal‐deficient IgG‐producing cells directly correlated with clinical parameters of probing depth and clinical attachment loss (AL).Conclusion: These results suggest that the presence of Gal‐deficient IgG is associated with gingival inflammation and may play a role in the worsening of clinical parameters of periodontitis, such as AL.