3D echocardiography in intensive care

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a rapidly expanding modality with great potential. 3DE, as with 2D, is based on basic principles of ultrasound physics. Sequential ultrasound beams are emitted from piezoelectric elements and received echoes are analysed by computers using specialized algorithms, creating pictures on a screen. Current routine utilization and research of 3DE in intensive care is limited. Technical problems, lack of equipment and training among intensive care practitioners are the major limiting factors. This chapter examines the main principles of 3DE, specific terminology, current advantages and limitations, as well as projected future applications. Application areas of three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3D TTE) and three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography (3D TOE) in intensive care are outlined.