Ethanolic Extract Clove-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Reduce Dyslipidemia, Enhance Liver and Kidney Functions, and Improve the Antioxidant System in Obese Rats

Background: Obesity, a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease characterized by multiple metabolic dysfunctions, poses a considerable worldwide health risk to adults and children. Clove has also shown that it possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiglycation, and anti-aging properties. Aim: The current study aimed to investigate the antiobesity effect of clove-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in obese rats. objective: The current study investigated the antiobesity effect of clove-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in obese rats. Method: Obesity is induced in rats by the administration of a High-Fat Diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. 24 rats were divided into 4 groups; Control group, in which rats were fed normal; HDF group, in which rats were HFD along with distilled water; HFD + empty nanoparticles (ENPs), in which rats were HFD along with ENPs (45 mg/kg); and HFD + clove nanoparticles (CNPs), in which rats were HFD along with CNPs (45 mg/kg) for four weeks. Results: Administration of ENPs and CNPs led to a notable reduction in glucose, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, caspase-3, PCNA, leptin, and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, it promoted an increase in total proteins, albumin, high-density lipoprotein, glutathione, catalase, and adiponectin. Also, the histopathological investigation of the liver and kidney showed the protective effect of ENPs and CNPs on the tissues of obese rats. Conclusion: The present investigation elucidated the preventive effects of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clove on dyslipidemia in obese rats. Clove nanoparticles exhibited hypolipidemia, antioxidant, hypoglycemia, and hepatoprotective activities.