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Influence of Bill Shape on Ectoparasite Load in Western Scrub-Jays
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Abstract
Populations of the Western Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma californica) have bills specialized for feeding in their respective habitats. Populations in oak habitat have hooked bills, whereas those in pinyon habitat have pointed bills with a reduced maxillary overhang. Work on other bird species shows that the bill overhang is essential for efficient preening to control ectoparasites. Given the importance of this overhang, we predicted that louse-infested jays with pointed bills would have higher louse loads than those with hooked bills. We compared the number of lice on 65 pointed-billed (4 infested) and 105 hooked-billed (17 infested) birds. Despite their lower incidence of louse infestation, pointed-billed birds had significantly more lice than hooked-billed birds, supporting our prediction. While pointed bills enhance feeding in pinyon habitat, our results suggest that they may incur a cost of reduced preening efficiency. Evolution of bill shape has traditionally been interpreted mainly in terms of foraging. Our results suggest that selection for efficient preening may also play an important role.
Influencia de la Forma del Pico en la Carga de Ectoparásitos en Aphelocoma californica
Resumen. Los individuos de distintas poblaciones de Aphelocoma californica tienen picos especializados para alimentarse en sus hábitats respectivos. Las poblaciones de hábitats con robles se caracterizan por picos ganchudos, mientras que las de hábitats con piñones tienen picos puntiagudos, con el gancho de la punta de la maxila reducido. Estudios en otras especies de aves han mostrado que el gancho del pico es esencial para acicalarse eficientemente y así controlar los ectoparásitos. Dada la importancia de este gancho, predijimos que los individuos de A. californica de pico puntiagudo infestados con piojos de pluma tendrían una mayor carga de ectoparásitos que aquellos de pico ganchudo. Comparamos el número de piojos entre 65 individuos de pico puntiagudo (4 infestados) y 105 de pico ganchudo (17 infestados). A pesar de la baja incidencia de infestación por piojos, las aves de pico puntiagudo presentaron significativamente más piojos que las de picho ganchudo, apoyando nuestra predicción. Aunque los picos puntiagudos benefician la alimentación en hábitats de piñones, nuestros resultados sugieren que podrían representar un costo reduciendo la eficiencia de acicalamiento. Por lo general, la evolución de la forma del pico ha sido interpretada tradicionalmente en términos del forrajeo, pero nuestros resultados sugieren que la selección para acicalarse eficientemente también podría tener un papel importante.
Title: Influence of Bill Shape on Ectoparasite Load in Western Scrub-Jays
Description:
Abstract
Populations of the Western Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma californica) have bills specialized for feeding in their respective habitats.
Populations in oak habitat have hooked bills, whereas those in pinyon habitat have pointed bills with a reduced maxillary overhang.
Work on other bird species shows that the bill overhang is essential for efficient preening to control ectoparasites.
Given the importance of this overhang, we predicted that louse-infested jays with pointed bills would have higher louse loads than those with hooked bills.
We compared the number of lice on 65 pointed-billed (4 infested) and 105 hooked-billed (17 infested) birds.
Despite their lower incidence of louse infestation, pointed-billed birds had significantly more lice than hooked-billed birds, supporting our prediction.
While pointed bills enhance feeding in pinyon habitat, our results suggest that they may incur a cost of reduced preening efficiency.
Evolution of bill shape has traditionally been interpreted mainly in terms of foraging.
Our results suggest that selection for efficient preening may also play an important role.
Influencia de la Forma del Pico en la Carga de Ectoparásitos en Aphelocoma californica
Resumen.
Los individuos de distintas poblaciones de Aphelocoma californica tienen picos especializados para alimentarse en sus hábitats respectivos.
Las poblaciones de hábitats con robles se caracterizan por picos ganchudos, mientras que las de hábitats con piñones tienen picos puntiagudos, con el gancho de la punta de la maxila reducido.
Estudios en otras especies de aves han mostrado que el gancho del pico es esencial para acicalarse eficientemente y así controlar los ectoparásitos.
Dada la importancia de este gancho, predijimos que los individuos de A.
californica de pico puntiagudo infestados con piojos de pluma tendrían una mayor carga de ectoparásitos que aquellos de pico ganchudo.
Comparamos el número de piojos entre 65 individuos de pico puntiagudo (4 infestados) y 105 de pico ganchudo (17 infestados).
A pesar de la baja incidencia de infestación por piojos, las aves de pico puntiagudo presentaron significativamente más piojos que las de picho ganchudo, apoyando nuestra predicción.
Aunque los picos puntiagudos benefician la alimentación en hábitats de piñones, nuestros resultados sugieren que podrían representar un costo reduciendo la eficiencia de acicalamiento.
Por lo general, la evolución de la forma del pico ha sido interpretada tradicionalmente en términos del forrajeo, pero nuestros resultados sugieren que la selección para acicalarse eficientemente también podría tener un papel importante.
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