CRISPR/Cas9-mediated generation of biallelic G0 anemonefish ( Amphiprion ocellaris ) mutants

ABSTRACT Genomic manipulation is a useful approach for elucidating the molecular pathways underlying aspects of development, physiology, and behaviour. However, a lack of gene-editing tools appropriated for use in reef fishes has meant the genetic underpinnings for many of their unique traits remain to be investigated. One iconic group of reef fishes ideal for applying this technique are anemonefishes (Amphiprioninae) as they are widely studied for their symbiosis with anemones, sequential hermaphroditism, complex social hierarchies, skin pattern development, and vision, and are raised relatively easily in aquaria. In this study, we developed a gene-editing protocol for applying the CRISPR/Cas9 system in the false clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris . Microinjection of eggs at the one-cell stage was used to demonstrate the successful use of our CRISPR/Cas9 approach at two separate target sites: the rhodopsin-like 2B opsin encoding gene ( RH2B ) involved in vision, and Tyrosinase-producing gene ( tyr ) involved in the production of melanin. Analysis of the sequenced target gene regions in A. ocellaris embryos showed that uptake was as high as 50% of injected eggs. Further analysis of the subcloned mutant gene sequences revealed that our approach had a 75% to 100% efficiency in producing biallelic mutations in G0 A. ocellaris embryos. Moreover, we clearly show a loss-of-function in tyr mutant embryos which exhibited typical hypomelanistic phenotypes. This protocol is intended as a useful resource for future experimental studies that aim to elucidate gene function in anemonefishes and reef fishes in general.