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Determination of organochlorine pesticides in organic quinoa grains (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) by GC-µECD, using the QuEChERS method
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<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p align="center"> </p><p>There is currently great interest in environmental pollutants in relation to food security; previous studies show that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) could be found in small amounts, even in organic food; therefore, in this research, 12 organochlorine pesticides residues (p, p'-DDD; p, p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, o,p'DDE, Dicofol, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, α-BHC, β-BCH, heptachlor and mirex) were monitored in quinoa grains from organic production systems, sampled in the region of Puno – Peru; the QuEChERS method was used for pesticides extraction and gas chromatography coupled to an electron capture detector (GC-µECD) for the detection and quantification of the pesticides. The method was validated using a quinoa sample without pesticide residues used as a blank and spiked to 0.01 and 0.10 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>; means recoveries for pesticides ranged from 73.66 to 128.09% with RSD ≤ 16%; the method showed linearity of r<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.99 and the Limits of Quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.001 to 0.010 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. The results indicate that there is no matrix effect and reveal the presence of three organochlorine pesticides (p, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDE and mirex) in five different samples; two of them showed concentrations of p, p'-DDE above 0.01 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. The results demonstrate the susceptibility of quinoa grain to the accumulation of toxic substances and show the need to establish new criteria for organic certification.</p><p align="center"> <br /><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p>En la actualidad existe un gran interés por los contaminantes ambientales en relación con la seguridad alimentaria; estudios previos muestran que los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) pueden ser encontrados en pequeñas cantidades, incluso en los alimentos orgánicos; por lo tanto, en esta investigación, residuos de 12 plaguicidas organoclorados (p, p'-DDD; p, p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, o,p'DDE, Dicofol, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, sulfato de endosulfan, α-BHC, β-BCH, heptacloro y mirex) fueron monitoreados en granos de quinua de sistemas de producción orgánica muestreadas en la región de Puno-Perú, el método QuEChERS fue utilizado para la extracción de los pesticidas y un sistema cromatográfico de fase gaseosa acoplado a un detector de captura de electrones (GC-µECD) para la detección y cuantificación de los pesticidas. El método fue validado utilizando una muestra de quinua sin residuos de pesticidas utilizado como blanco, el mismo que fue fortificado a 0,01 y 0,10 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>; los promedios de recuperación para los pesticidas variaron entre 73,66 a 128,09% con un desviación estándar ≤ 16%; el método mostro linealidad de r<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0,99 y los límites de cuantificación (LQ) variaron entre 0,001 a 0,010 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, los resultados muestran que no existe efecto matriz y revelan la presencia de tres pesticidas organoclorados (p, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDE y mirex) en cinco muestras diferentes, dos de ellas muestran concentraciones de p, p'-DDE mayores a 0,01 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. Los resultados demuestran la susceptibilidad de los granos de quinua a acumular substancias toxicas y muestran la necesidad de establecer nuevos criterios para la certificación orgánica.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
Title: Determination of organochlorine pesticides in organic quinoa grains (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) by GC-µECD, using the QuEChERS method
Description:
<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p align="center"> </p><p>There is currently great interest in environmental pollutants in relation to food security; previous studies show that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) could be found in small amounts, even in organic food; therefore, in this research, 12 organochlorine pesticides residues (p, p'-DDD; p, p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, o,p'DDE, Dicofol, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, α-BHC, β-BCH, heptachlor and mirex) were monitored in quinoa grains from organic production systems, sampled in the region of Puno – Peru; the QuEChERS method was used for pesticides extraction and gas chromatography coupled to an electron capture detector (GC-µECD) for the detection and quantification of the pesticides.
The method was validated using a quinoa sample without pesticide residues used as a blank and spiked to 0.
01 and 0.
10 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>; means recoveries for pesticides ranged from 73.
66 to 128.
09% with RSD ≤ 16%; the method showed linearity of r<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.
99 and the Limits of Quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.
001 to 0.
010 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>.
The results indicate that there is no matrix effect and reveal the presence of three organochlorine pesticides (p, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDE and mirex) in five different samples; two of them showed concentrations of p, p'-DDE above 0.
01 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>.
The results demonstrate the susceptibility of quinoa grain to the accumulation of toxic substances and show the need to establish new criteria for organic certification.
</p><p align="center"> <br /><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p>En la actualidad existe un gran interés por los contaminantes ambientales en relación con la seguridad alimentaria; estudios previos muestran que los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) pueden ser encontrados en pequeñas cantidades, incluso en los alimentos orgánicos; por lo tanto, en esta investigación, residuos de 12 plaguicidas organoclorados (p, p'-DDD; p, p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, o,p'DDE, Dicofol, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, sulfato de endosulfan, α-BHC, β-BCH, heptacloro y mirex) fueron monitoreados en granos de quinua de sistemas de producción orgánica muestreadas en la región de Puno-Perú, el método QuEChERS fue utilizado para la extracción de los pesticidas y un sistema cromatográfico de fase gaseosa acoplado a un detector de captura de electrones (GC-µECD) para la detección y cuantificación de los pesticidas.
El método fue validado utilizando una muestra de quinua sin residuos de pesticidas utilizado como blanco, el mismo que fue fortificado a 0,01 y 0,10 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>; los promedios de recuperación para los pesticidas variaron entre 73,66 a 128,09% con un desviación estándar ≤ 16%; el método mostro linealidad de r<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0,99 y los límites de cuantificación (LQ) variaron entre 0,001 a 0,010 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, los resultados muestran que no existe efecto matriz y revelan la presencia de tres pesticidas organoclorados (p, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDE y mirex) en cinco muestras diferentes, dos de ellas muestran concentraciones de p, p'-DDE mayores a 0,01 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>.
Los resultados demuestran la susceptibilidad de los granos de quinua a acumular substancias toxicas y muestran la necesidad de establecer nuevos criterios para la certificación orgánica.
</p><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>.
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