Experimentation and the Experimenter: Clever Hans)s Companions

Abstract A Major premise of this book is that observation and experimentation involving both animals and human beings alter the observer as well as the observed. Everyone known to us who came into Hans’s life found that their relation to him and to one another changed. Hr. Schillings, who at first was a skeptic, became a true believer in the horse’s ability to demonstrate humanlike intelligence. Professor Stumpf felt the need to defend his professional competence in many ways: by defending his work on the September Commission and by assigning the student Pfungst to clear up the mess created by the report of the Commission. Pfungst, we have described.